IMPACT OF Mangifera(Mango) IN THE FIELD OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY

INTRODUCTION 

Mangifera indica (MI), conjointly called mango, it's been a crucial herb within the Ayurvedic and endemic medical systems for over 4000 years.

Bio- active compounds from plants are vital and vital supply of recent drugs that are doubtless to guide to new and higher treatments for decay. 

consistent with Ayurveda, varied healthful properties are attributed to totally different elements of fruit tree.

Artificial medication have unpleasant aspect result, on the opposite hand, the amount of drug resistant microorganisms is increasing, therefore researches try to pay a lot of attention to herbal medication. 

TAXONOMICAL DESCRIPTION

Kingdom:Plantae

Clade:Tracheophytes

Clade:Angiosperms

Clade:Eudicots

Clade:Rosids

Order:Sapindales

Family:Anacardiaceae

Genus:Mangifera

Species:M. indica

OVERVIEW OF MANGO TREE

The earliest better-known relevance the cultivation of mangoes are often derived to india up to 2000BCE.

It is an outsized fruit-tree, capable of growing to a height and crown breadth of concerning thirty metres (100 ft) and trunk circumference of over 3.7 metres (12 ft).

The fruit may be a documented massive stone fruit, however shows a good variation in form and size. It contains a thick yellow pulp, single seed and thick xanthous – red skin once ripe. 

The seed is solitary, ovoid or rectangular, cased in an exceedingly exhausting, compressed fibrous pericarp.

Mango is that the national fruit of india, Asian country and also the Philippines and the national tree of Asian nation. 

Roots, bark, leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers and kernels are employed in the sector of medication.

Mango tree

MANGO IN COLLOQUIAL OR REGIONAL LANGUAGE 

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF Mangifera

Mango is one in every of the foremost standard of all tropical fruits. 

Mangiferin, being a 

• polyphenolic inhibitor and 
• a glucosyl xanthone
• cardiotonic
• hypotensive
• wound healing
• anti - HIV
• it has sturdy antioxidant
• gastroprotective
• hepatoprotective
• antidegenerative and 
• antidiabetic activities.
• anti lipoid peroxidation
• immunomodulation

Various components of plant are used as a 

• cough
• hypertension
• insomnia
• rheumatism
• toothache
• diaphoretic
• stomachic
• vermifuge
• tonic
• anaemia
• asthma
• bronchitis
• leucorrhoea
• laxative and diuretic drug and to treat looseness of the bowels
• dysentery
• dentrifrice
• antiseptic
• astringent
• haemorrhage and 
• piles. 

All components are used to treat 

• abscesses
• broken horn
• datura poisoning
• heat stroke
• liver disorders
• excessive micturition
• tetanus and 
• asthma.
• miscarriage
• anthrax
• blisters
• rabid dog or Canis aureus bite
• tumour
• wounds within the mouth
• tympanitis
• colic
• diarrhea
• glossitis
• snakebite
• stings
• indigestion
• bacillosis
• bloody infectious disease

Ripe mango fruit is taken into account to be enlivening and freshening. 

The juice is restorative tonic and utilized in heat stroke. 

The seeds are utilized in asthma attack and as an astringent. 

Fumes from the burning leaves are indrawn for relief from hiccups and affections of the throat. 

The bark is astringent, it's utilized in diphtheria and rheumatism, and it's believed to possess a tonic action on mucous secretion membrane. 

The gum is employed in dressings for cracked feet and for infection. 

It is additionally thought of anti-syphilitic. 

The kernels are reborn into flour once soaking in water and eliminating the astringent principles.

ANTI BACTERIAL EFFECT OF Mangifera

IN ENDODONTIC TREATMENT

Enterococcus faecalis plays a serious role within the etiology of persistent periradicular lesions once passageway treatment.

The use of standard irrigants particularly sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is extremely efficient in eliminating E. faecalis biofilm. 

The major disadvantage of NaOCl is its tissue toxicity and additionally it doesn't take away all of the smear layer. 

The capability of E. faecalis to create calcified biofilm on passageway dentine might attribute to their persistence once endodontic treatment. 

Mangiferin, a serious C-glucosylxanthone is found to occur within the M. indica stem bark, leaves, heartwood, roots, and fruits. 

The medicinal drug activity of mango kernel could also be attributed to the tannins present in them. 

Research by Arunajatesan Subbiya and his fellow researches concluded the activity of mango kernel was extremely important, corresponding to the conventionally used 5% NaOCl. 

In spite of showing medicinal drug result in low concentrations, standard irrigants is cytotoxic to tissues. 

On the contrary, these seasoning formulations could also be used even at higher concentrations as there are not any harmful facet effects reported .

AGAINST METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS 

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a worldwide public unhealthiness and could be a major reason behind each nosocomial and community infections.

The development of latest medicine agents to regulate MRSA is desperately required.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), is a crucial infective agent that may cause life-threatening microorganism infections, akin to 

• pneumonia
• meningitis
• osteomyelitis
• carditis and 
• toxic shock syndrome. 

Mango seed kernal extract (MSKE) and its phenoplast principles exhibited potent repressing effects against the quality methicillin-susceptible coccus aureus (MSSA) strain and clinical MRSA isolates.

Phenolic extract of MSKE, gave the impression to be the most important contributor to the repressing efficiency of MSKE.

Damaging effects on the semipermeable membrane that led to the alteration in cell morphology and interference with microorganism division were potential repressing mechanisms. 

Mango Seed Kernal Extract might doubtless be helpful as another natural therapeutic agent or as an connected medical care together with penicillin G against MRSA infections.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 

Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/8436193898 

MOUTH WASH

The simmering of the leaves functions as anthelmintics and might even be used to gargle within the hindrance of halitosis. 

Chlorhexidine is that the most well-liked solution that has been recognized by the pharmaceutical trade because the Positive control against that the efficaciousness of different antiplaque agents 

should be measured, and has attained its eponym of gold standard.

But its long‑term usage could lead to varied aspect effects.

Mango leaf solution (2%) and antiseptic mouthwash (0.12%) were effective against secretion microbic population, plaque inhibition, and improved animal tissue health. antiseptic solution showed higher efficaciousness than mango leaf mouthwash.

An effective substitute to antiseptic with all the nice qualities and sans its unpleasant effects is extremely fascinating and has been long anticipated.

Mango leaf solution has antimicrobial activity with no aspect effects like dental staining and different cytotoxic effects in comparison to antiseptic mouthwash.

M. indica solution may be a promising different for the patients. 

Chlorhexidine solution had higher antimicrobial result on salivary streptococci and effect on plaque management and animal tissue health than mouthwash with M. indica leaves.

Study done by Maisuthisakul solution containing mango kernel exhibited inhibition zone against staph aureus and S. mutans and conjointly showed inflammatory repressive properties. 

Further clinical investigations are required for standardization and preparation of mango leaves containing dentifrice and mouthwashes for the hindrance of oral microbic diseases.

DENTAL CARIES

Dental caries is an infectious microorganism sickness that ends up in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues of the teeth.

Oral microorganisms play a significant role in initiation and progression of tooth decay.

dental caries is characterised by a destruction of superficial dental structures caused by acids that are by-products of carbohydrates metabolism by streptococci mutans, a cariogenic bacteria. 

Artificial medication have unpleasant facet result, on the opposite hand, the amount of drug resistant microorganisms is increasing, therefore researches try to pay additional attention to herbal medication.

mango extracts strangled microorganism growth however their effectiveness varied. 

Ethanolic extract was found to be very effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans as compare to S. aureus. 

Two major valuable compounds, specifically

• penta-O-galloyl-glucoside and
•  ethyl group gallate

are isolated from mango peels that have potent radical scavenging ability. 

Mangifera indica leaves are potential supply of inhibitor and phytochemicals which might be used effectively as dental therapeutic agents. 

The structure elucidation reveals that 5 flavonoid compounds are present in mango, they're 

• quercetin
• quercetin-3-O-β-D glycoside 
• quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside. 
• quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside and 
• quercetin -3 –O –β -D- arabinopyranoside

similar trends was conjointly determined in our results that the whole phenolic resin content is higher in liquid extracts of mango leaves than the ethanolic extracts. 

SLIVER NANO PARTICLES FROM Mangifera

Nanotechnology has become a great tool in medical field for its in depth applications in many forms. 

Among the assorted metal nanoparticles metal nanoparticles equivalent to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were of nice importance because of their distinctive physical and chemical properties.

AgNPs is focused due to their bactericide activity and dental applications. 

silver compounds and nanoparticles are studied for his or her huge space of analysis in dental applications equivalent to dental restorative material, dental medicine retro fill cement, dental implants and dental caries inhibitory solutions. 

Glass ionomers (GI) were a vital adhesion of restorative materials in restorative medical specialty. 

Disadvantages of the GICs are it's not suggested for biting surfaces in permanent teeth, the aging of the GIC ends up in poor wear and cracks over time and additionally accumulates plaque and periodontics diseases because of accumulation of bacterium normally called secondary dental caries.

Green-synthesized Ag nanoparticles from Mangifera Indica leaves that are used for twin, i.e., antimicrobial and dental restoration application at one instance.

The reinforcement of AgNPs in GIC provides the improvement within the hardness of typical GIC and equally resolves the limitation secondary cavity raised of microorganism colonies round the GIC fastened restoration in post-medication.

Silver ions show high biocidal effects on twelve differing kinds of bacterium that embody E. coli and S. aureus

Silver nanoparticles in mango peel extract

Photo credit: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.001

ANTI PLATELET ACTIVITY

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have the very best death rate of all kinds of diseases worldwide.

The general pathogenies entails living substance activation, future adhesion, unharness of grain content, and living substance aggregation. 

The multiple mechanisms of action and also the aspect effects of drugs create the analysis on natural bioactive compounds helpful for pharmaceutical constituents within the hindrance or complementary treatment of antiplatelet medical care.

Antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects of synthetic resin compounds obtained from mango by-products and water extracts by reducing the nitric oxide (NO) levels created by lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated macrophages are reported. 

Research done by María Elena Alañón and his fellow researches conclude that human living substance aggregation triggered by the ADP agonist wasn't considerably inhibited  by pulp, skin, and husk seed extracts compared to the negative management. However, mango seed extract exhibited a considerably higher inhibition proportion, that was around 72%.

The most plenteous and diverse family found in mango was gallic acid derivatives, alternative monogalloyl compounds additionally found in Mangifera like gallic acid, galloyl diglucoside, and galloylquinic acid in mango seed were additionally found.  

Mangiferin seemed to play a key role during this bioactivity, the antiplatelet result of mango seed extract wasn't entirely explained by its action.

ANTI OXIDANT 

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) possess a robust oxidizing impact and induce injury to biological molecules, as well as proteins, lipids and deoxyribonucleic acid, with concomitant changes in their structure and performance.

The extract of mango showed a robust scavenging activity of radical radicals and acted as a chelator of iron.

Aqueous extract of mango (MI), whose formulations are employed in Cuba as food supplements below the brand of Vimang.

The iron-complexing ability of Vimang as a primary mechanism for cover of rat liver mitochondria against Fe2+-citrate-induced lipoperoxidation was reportable. 

Vimang may be a possible candidate for inhibitor medical aid in diseases involving abnormal intracellular iron distribution or hemochromatosis. 

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ANTI CANCER

Cancer is taken into thought as one of the essential causes of loss of life within the international and any sensible solution in combating this dreadful sickness may be terribly essential publicly health.

Though, contemporary surgical procedures have drastically minimized the cancer death rates, use of irradiation, therapy, and hormone therapy remedies cannot fully reduce the vary of deaths because of most cancers. 

have a glance at achieved with the help of Kim et al. 2012 has shown that the ethanolic extract of M. Indica peel will set out caspase-mediated cell death in human cervical carcinoma Hel cells. 

Apoptotic outcomes of the peel ethanolic extract had been studied by means that of reading expression of apoptosis-associated proteins Bax, Bcl-2, Bid, and caspases during this study. 

Phytochemical investigation of peel ethanolic extract has noticed that it carries many pronounced antitumour compounds along side 

• quercetin 3-O-galactoside
• gallic acid
• linoleic acid
• alpha-tocopherol
• mangiferin gallate
• mangiferin
• kaempferol 3-glucoside and 
• quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside. 

protecting effects of ethanolic extracts of mango fruit peel and flesh samples in H2O2-precipitated toxicity in HepG2 cells have conjointly been studied via this analysis cluster. 

Another check out by method of Abdullah et al. 2015 Induction of oxidative stress mediate programmed cell death with the help of ethanolic extract of M. Indica seed in triple poor breast most cancers cells (MDA-MB-231) has been mentioned.

Mangiferin may be a well-known bioactive xanthonoid found in numerous elements of the fruit tree. 

A number of analysis were administrated for instance antitumoral outcomes of mangiferin in varied neoplastic cell strains consisting of breast, lung, ovary, brain, and cervix, and possible antitumoral mechanisms of mangiferin in various most cancers cell lines have conjointly been well-documented. 

Properties of mango peel

Photo credit: https://www.mdpi.com/molecules/molecules-23-00695/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-23-00695-ag.png

ANTI FUNGAL

Fungal diseases are known as a crucial ill health these days. Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus species are well-known to causes several fungous diseases worldwide.

Fungal infections are common, few antifungal medicine are presently accustomed treat infections. 

Moreover, Islam et al. 2010 have evaluated antifungal effects of an ethanolic extract of the leaves of M. indica against 3 fungous species specifically 

• Aspergillus ochraceus
• Aspergillus niger and 
• Aspergillus ustus. 

Moderate antifungal activity against studied 3 fungous species has been reported  during this study. 

Mango kernel has additionally been reported to possess antifungal effects.

Moderate antifungal activity has been reported for ethyl alcohol and methyl alcohol extracts  and binary compound extract of M. indica bark.

ANTI DIABETIC 

A 50% ethanolic extract of the leaves of mangifera indica made a major symptom result at a dose of 250 mg/kg, each in traditional and streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. 

The stimulation of β-cells to release insulin was thought to be a part of the mechanism of action.

Thus indicate that the liquid extract of the leaves of MI possess symptom activity.

It has been rumored that long standing hyperglycemia with diabetes mellitus results in the formation of advanced glycosylated end-products that are concerned within the generation of Reactive oxygen species, resulting in aerophilous injury, notably to heart and kidney.

ANTI VIRAL

In vitro the impact of mangiferin was studied against Herpes simplex virus sort 2; mangiferin doesn't directly inactivate herpes simplex 2 however inhibits the late event in HSV-2 replication.

In vitro mangiferin was additionally ready to inhibit herpes simplex 1 virus replication inside cells and to antagonize the cytopathic effects of HIV.

mangiferin encompasses a potential as a naturally-occurring chemopreventive agent. 

ANTHELMINTIC

Helminth infections that are caused by parasitic worms are usually seen in tropical regions.

Intestinal nematodes (IN) or soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are the foremost common sorts of nematodes. 

MI stem bark elements Vimang and mangiferin was investigated in mice through an experiment infected with nematodes, Trichinella spiralis.

Development of resistance to worm parasites has become a serious downside within the treatment of the helminth infections. 

Aqueous extract of bark of M. indica in nematode worm wherever vital reduction in parasite larvae and a reduction of blood serum specific antitrichinellaIgE were reportable. 

ANTI MALARIAL 

Complete wipeout of protozoal infection seems to be a significant challenge within the world thanks to the event of resistance to antimalarial medicine. 

Quinine and artemisinin are naturally derived antimalarial medicine, that are used. 

P. falciparum has developed complete resistance to the majority the antiprotozoal drug medicine in clinical use. 

The stem bark extract of MI was evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis.

Methanol/chloroform extract of leaves of a mango selection collected from india possesses moderate antiplasmodial effects in P. falciparum. 

GASTROPROTECTIVE 

As peptic ulcer cases are rising at an frightful rate worldwide, it's necessary to find novel ways or medication that may effectively cut back biological process ulcers.

A novel gastroprotective agent, mangiferin, a present glucosylxanthone from MI (Anacardiaceae), was evaluated in mice on gastric injury induced  by plant product and indomethacin. 

The effects of mangiferin on stomachic membrane injury were assessed by determination of changes in mean gastric lesion space or ulceration score in mice and on gastric body fluid volume and total acidity in 4-h pylorus-ligated rats. 

Research by Nethravathi K et al. 2015 conclude that considerable reduction in gastric volume, ulceration score and index, and total acid output was determined when administration of ethanolic extract and also the on top of drug mixtures.

These findings give proof that mangiferin affords gastroprotection against gastric injury induced  by ethyl alcohol and indomethacin most probably through the antisecretory and antioxidant mechanisms of action. 

ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECT

An ethanolic (95%) extract of the seed kernel of MI exhibited vital anti-inflammatory drug activity in acute, acute and chronic cases of inflammation.

Production of an oversized quantity of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, 2 and 6 and TNF) increase the expression of enzymes equivalent to cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS that are related to anti-inflammations. 

Neuroprotective effects of methyl alcohol and binary compound extracts were evaluated by decisive protection of malignant neoplasm cells from H2O2-induced aerophilous harm and results showed that methanol extract and aqueous extract will effectively protect H2O2-induced neuroblastoma cells from oxidative damage.

IMMUNOMODULATION 

Immunomodulation may be a method that adjusts the system of an organism upon any amendment caused by a far off agent.

Immunomodulation will be of 2 varieties, particularly

•  immunostimulation and 
• immunosuppression. 

Immunostimulation includes stimulation of the system with immunostimulating agents that activate elements of the immune system (macrophages, certain T-lymphocytes and granulocytes). 

In immunosuppression, potency of the system decreases. 

Immunomodulatory activity of alcoholic extract of stem bark of MI was investigated in mice. 

It is ended that check extract may be a promising drug with immunostimulant properties. 

Mangiferin mediates the down-regulation of NF-xB, suppresses NF-xB activation evoked by inflammatory agents, together with tumour nuclear factor (TNF), will increase the intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and potentiates therapy agent-mediated cell death; this means a attainable role together medical care for cancer.

Immunomodulatory effects were confirmed by analyzing intracellular NO levels, wherever a major increase in response to the leaf hexane extract was discovered. 

It is possible that these effects are mediate through mangiferin ROS ending and GSH rising; accrued animate thing (GSH) levels are so renowned to inhibit the TNF-induced activation of NF-κB.

CONCLUSION 

Many different medical specialty activities,have been reported  for mangiferin in each systemic disease and dentistry. 

Based on the information of the numerous properties of mangiferin, phytomedicines ought to be adequately standardized relating to this active compound. 

MI has been used with success in Ayurvedic drugs for centuries, additional clinical trials ought to be conducted to support its therapeutic use.

REFERENCE 

• Subbiya A, Mahalakshmi K, Pushpangadan S, Padmavathy K, Vivekanandan P, Sukumaran VG. Antibacterial efficacy of Mangifera indica L. kernel and Ocimum sanctum L. leaves against Enterococcus faecalis dentinal biofilm. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:454-7
• Garg D, Mohanan N: Evaluation of phytochemical, antioxdative  and antimicrobial effect of Magnifera indica, leaf extracts on oral dental pathogens. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2017; 8(4): 1689-93.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(4).1689-93.
• Pimsumon Jiamboonsri, Pimolpan Pithayanukul, Rapepol Bavovada, and Mullika T. Chomnawang. (2011).The Inhibitory Potential of Thai Mango Seed Kernel Extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. Available at URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6264745/. Accessed at 25 June 2020. 
• Sundeep, D., Vijaya Kumar, T., Rao, P.S.S. et al. Green synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles from Mangifera indica leaves for dental restoration and antibacterial applications. Prog Biomater 6, 57–66 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40204-017-0067-9
• Alañón, M.E.; Palomo, I.; Rodríguez, L.; Fuentes, E.; Arráez-Román, D.; Segura-Carretero, A. Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Bioactive Extracts from Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) and its By-Products. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 517.https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110517
• Bhat SS, Hegde K S, Mathew C, Bhat S V, Shyamjith M. Comparative evaluation of Mangifera indica leaf mouthwash with chlorhexidine on plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation, and salivary streptococcal growth. Indian J Dent Res 2017;28:151-5
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangifera_indica
• K. A. Shah, M. B. Patel, R. J. Patel, and P. K. Parmar. (2010). Mangifera Indica (Mango). Available at URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249901/. Accessed at 24 June 2020.
• Carvalho AC, Guedes MM, De Souza AL, Trevisan MT, Lima AF, Santos FA, et al. Gastroprotective effect of mangiferin: A xanthonoid from Mangifera indica, against gastric injury induced by ethanol and indomethacin in rodents. Planta Med. 2007;73:1372–6.
• Meran Keshawa Ediriweera Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon and Sameera Ranganath Samarakoon.(2017). A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Bioactive Compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango) https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6949835