INTRODUCTION
Traffic accidents are among the most etiologic factors of maxillofacial injuries and account for thirty four.42–80.14% of all skeletal and soft tissue injuries within the facial space.Of all the various varieties of motorized vehicles used worldwide, motorbike riders sustain the foremost serious injuries within the head and neck area which regularly result in a disability or in some cases lead to mortality.
Common varieties of helmets worn embrace the full face helmet (FFH), the open face helmet (OFH), and therefore the half coverage helmet (HCH). Previous studies have reportable that associate FFH is more practical in preventing facial and bone fractures compared with different helmet varieties.
A binge drinking (occasional excessive alcohol consumption) culture in youth has become prevailing.
The WHO has created a scale AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) to check alcohol profile in users that seek for facilitate in huge centers.
This scale is wise and identifies the risks and damages of alcohol use, moreover because the grade of chemical dependence and has important benefits over different screening instruments since it identifies excessive drinkers who don't meet criteria for alcohol dependence or haven't however seasoned actual alcohol-related issues.
TYPES OF HELMET AVAILABLE IN MARKET
Full Face Helmet.
Half Face Helmet.
Modular Helmet.
Half Shell Helmet.
Off-Road Helmets.
Dual Sport Helmets.
EFFECT OF HELMET IN MAXILLOFACIAL INJURY
Full face helmets (FFH) are impactive|simpler|more practical} than Open face helmet (OFH) and have a preventive effect of severe head injury and minor head injury.FFHs are famous to scale back the incidence of head injury, brain contusion, and craniofacial fractures.
The findings from this study recommend that FFHs and OFHs cut back the chance of head injury, and FFHs have a protecting impact against minor and severe head injury. Motorcyclists ought to wear appropriately fitting FFH or OFH.
Legislative efforts additionally ought to be taken to eliminate use of novelty helmets.
This study unconcealed that males are more often subjected to maxillofacial fractures than females .
Maxillofacial fractures ensuing from motorbike accidents are commonest amongst patients aged within the vary of 16–25.
Maxillofacial fractures ensuing from motorbike accidents are commonest amongst patients aged within the vary of 16–25.
The main reasons for not wearing helmets were discomfort and absence of police surveillance.
Intracranial cerebral injury; intracranial hemorrhage; and face, skull vault, and cervical spine injuries are additional possible to be found in fatally eviscerate to unhelmeted motorcyclist compared to helmeted motorcyclist (Richter et al., 2001).
However, a helmet is merely effective once it remains on the head throughout the accident. One potential methodology of accelerating the comfort of full coverage
Helmets is by developing lighter helmets with higher ventilation particularly in hot countries.
One rationalization for higher incidence of facial fractures within the upper and also the middle third of the face within the half-coverage equipt group may be due to the actual fact that almost all patients most likely didn't strap their helmets properly and later exposed their chin area unprotected.
Nevertheless, the half-coverage helmeted subjects had lower NSE values compared to unhelmeted subjects.
These finding incontestible that half-coverage helmet offers additional brain protection than unhelmeted.
Motorcycle helmets ought to be designed to reflect the climate conditions of every country whereas additionally serving the ultimate perform of protective against head injury. additionally, safety devices resembling protecting jackets, pants, or gloves will decrease injury.
Preliminary studies of bike airbags additionally recommend a discount in rider injuries
Photo credit: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2008.06.010
KEY POINTS
Facial injury will have esthetic, functional, sensory and psychological consequences, and most of the research recommend that to Motor vehicle l users to wear a gardant helmet with putt correct chin strap.BIKE AIRBAGS
The provision of air bags on motorcycles is a lot of advanced than installation in cars, as a result of the dynamics of a motorcycle crash are tougher to predict.By giving absolute security to the bike rider by embedding the airbags on the 2 sides of the bike can decrease the casualty rate by 20% to 30%.
By exploitation this technology there's not solely a reduce in death rate however also offers the whole protection to the rider moreover as bike.
EFFECT OF ALCOHOL IN MAXILLOFACIAL INJURY
All over the globe, around 1/2 fatal traffic accidents are involving alcohol consumption.Facial trauma is also thought of as one of the foremost devastating aggression found in health centers and abusive alcohol consumption with association to driving may be a major issue for inflicting it.
Facial deformation caused by this kind of trauma might leave its victim additional sensitive and liable to the educational moment, that happens a bit whereas after.
Lee, in an 11-years retrospective study of facial traumas, found fractures of zygoma, jaw (angle and condyle) as severally the foremost prevailing.
de Matos et al. found condyle fractures (28%) because the most prevalent, followed by mandibular body (25%), symphysis and parasymphysis (22%). On the opposite hand, during this study mandible was most affected (36%), followed by zygoma (34%) and nose (16%). moreover facial fractures were in 78% of cases, 44% were wounds, 26% equimosis and 18% abrasion.
Alcohol‐involved facial injuries is also additional serious than non‐alcohol‐related facial injuries, as evident by the higher proportion of patients requiring surgery.
On a legislative level, this data are often utilized in an argument to guide to policy changes equivalent to increasing the legal drinking age, imposing a curfew in high‐risk areas equivalent to central business districts or increasing penalties to drunk drivers.
As alcohol‐related facial injuries will doubtless be prevented via public health promotion and alter in hospital practise, it's vital to include alcohol screening into routine acute patient care as a part of temporary intervention programmes. Clinicians ought to be educated to require an improved alcohol history and to produce alcohol screening in applicable patients
AUDIT (ALCOHOL USE DISORDER IDENTIFICATION TEST)
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification test (AUDIT) was developed by the world Health Organization in 1982 as an easy way to screen and determine those who are in danger of developing alcohol issues.The AUDIT was developed as an easy methodology of screening for excessive drinking and to help in short assessment.
It will facilitate determine excessive drinking because the reason behind the presenting unwellness.
It provides a framework for intervention to assist risky drinkers cut back or stop alcohol consumption and thereby avoid the harmful consequences of their drinking. The AUDIT conjointly helps to spot alcohol dependence and a few specific consequences of harmful drinking.
CONCLUSION
Most of the trauma were caused by traffic accidents victimisation motorcycles and occurred in young aged men.The findings from this study counsel that FFHs and OFHs scale back the danger of head injury, and FFHs have a protecting result against minor and severe head injury. Motorcyclists ought to wear appropriately fitting FFH or OFH.
Legislative efforts conjointly ought to be taken to eliminate use of novelty helmets.
Clinicians concerned within the management of such trauma ought to remember of the characteristics of this trauma subtype and have information in performing arts alcohol screening and transient intervention.
Clinicians concerned within the management of such trauma ought to remember of the characteristics of this trauma subtype and have information in performing arts alcohol screening and transient intervention.
REFERENCE
- Kang-Min Sung,Jennifer Noble, Sang-Chul Kim , Hyeok-Jin Jeon,Jin-Yong Kim,Han-Ho Do, Sang-O Park,Kyeong-Ryong Lee,and Kwang-Je Baek. (2016).The Preventive Effect of Head Injury by Helmet Type in Motorcycle Crashes: A Rural Korean Single-Center Observational Study. Available at URL:https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2016/1849134/
- Wu, D., Dufournet, M. & Martin, J. Does a full-face helmet effectively protect against facial injuries?. Inj. Epidemiol. 6, 19 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-019-0197-8
- Suzana-Célia-de-Aguiar Soares-Carneiro, Belmiro-Cavalcanti, Vasconcelos ,Gessyca-Suielly-Melo Matos da-Silva, Luciano-Cruz de-Barros-Caldas, Gabriela-Granja Porto,Jefferson-Figueiredo Leal, and Ivson Catunda.(2016).Alcohol abusive use increases facial trauma?. Available at URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5005090/
- Lee, K., Olsen, J., Sun, J., Chandu, A. ( 2017) Alcohol‐involved maxillofacial fractures. Australian Dental Journal, 62: 180– 185. doi: 10.1111/adj.12471
- https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.motorbeam.com/6-types-helmets-buy/amp/
- Gorade Nishigandh, Bhagwat Sanket, Patil M C.Air Bag System in Two-Wheeler Vehicle System.ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719(www.iosrjen.org)
- Lee K. Trend of alcohol involvement in maxillofacial trauma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107:e9–13.
- de Matos FP, Arnez MF, Sverzut CE, Trivellato AE. A retrospective study of mandibular fracture in a 40-month period. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;39:10–5.
- Photos in figure 1 taken from
- http://causapedia.com
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