TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN INDIA (PART-3)

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21.Citrus limon (L.) 

The lemon, citrus tree, may be a species of little evergreen tree within the phanerogam family Rutaceae, native to South Asia, primarily North eastern India. Its fruits are spherical in form.

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Sapindales

Family: Rutaceae

Genus: Citrus

Species: C. limon

Medicinal uses 

The volatile oil is made in bioactive monoterpenoids resembling

•  D-limonene 
• β-pinene
• γ-terpinene. 

Recently scientifically tried therapeutic activities of C. limon embody medicament, 

• antimicrobial

• antineoplastic and 

• antiparasitic activities.

The most necessary cluster of secondary metabolites within the fruit includes 

flavonoids and additionally different compounds

• resembling phenolic resin acids, 

• coumarins

• carboxyl acids

• aminoacids and vitamins. 

the most compounds of essential oil are monoterpenoids, particularly D-limonene.

C. limon beverage (lemon juice) has historically been used as a remedy for scurvy before the invention of antioxidant.

Lemon juice, proverbial from ancient drugs, embody 

• Treatment of high blood pressure

• Common cold

• and irregular menstruum. 

Moreover, the essential oil of C. limon may be a proverbial remedy for coughs

Indian ancient drugs, C. limon juice will induce menstruation; the counseled dose for this can be 2 teaspoons consumed doubly on a daily basis. 

In Trinidad , a combination of juice with alcohol or oil has been accustomed treat fever, coughs within the respiratory illness, and high pressure. 

• Hepatoprotective 

An ethanolic extract of C. limon fruits has been evaluated for its effects on experimental liver harm induced  by carbon tet (CCl4), and therefore the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the extract has been evaluated for its impact on the HepG2 cell line

• Anti inflammatory 

anti-inflammatory impact of C. limon volatile oil is perhaps due to the high concentration of D-limonene

• Anti cancer

C. limon nanovesicles suppress chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) tumor growth in vivo by specifically reaching the tumour site and by activating TRAIL-mediated apoptotic cell processes

Colloquial name 

English: Lemon

Tamil: Periyaelumichai எலுமிச்சை எலுமிச்சை 

Hindi: Paharikaghzi पहाड़ीकाघाजी  ,Baranimbu,Paharinimbu,Gulgulगुलगल

Assamese: Kaji-nemu,Nemu-tenga,Nemu tenga

Bengali: Goranebu

Telugu: Bijapuram బిజాపురం 

Kannada: Dieng-soh,Bijapura,Bijori

Malayalam: Odichukuthinaregam ഒഡിചുകുതിനരെഗം

Spanish: limón 

French: le citron 

Chinese: níngméng, 檸檬 

German: Zitrone 

Dental uses 

Leaves used for scouring teeth and smart as a mouth freshener. 

According to the German Commission D Monographs for homeopathic  medicines, C. limon contemporary fruits will be used for treating gingival bleeding and debilitative diseases

22.Citrus medica Linn. 

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom:Plantae

Order:Sapindales

Family:Rutaceae

Genus:Citrus

Species:C. medica 

Medicinal uses

Citrus medica L. in an endeavor to validate its use as a multi-purpose healthful agent. 

citron tree leaves possesses estrogenic 

and anthelmintic activities. 

Fruit has 

• insulin secretagogue
• analgesic
• antiulcer and 
• antineoplastic activities

Peel possesses several activities together with 

• hypoglycemic
• hypolipidemic
• antimicrobial
• anticholinesterase
• hypocholesterolemic, and 
• anthelmintic

Seed has 

• antidiabetic, 
• hypolipidemic
• anticoagulant
• hypocholesterolemic and 
• estrogenic activities

Colloquial name 

English: Citron

Tamil: Kattu naarthai காட்டு நார்த்தை, Marucahagam, Komattimadali, Kadaranarathai

Hindi: Kutla,Bara nimbu,बिजौरा Bijaura,Bijaura,बड़ा निम्बू Bara Nimbu

Malayalam: Rusakam റുസകം, Matalanarakam മതലനാരകം, Curry narenga,Gilam

Bengali: Begpura,Bara Nimbu

Assamese: Bakol-khowa-tenga,Jora Tenga,Jora-tenga,Jara tenga,Bira-jora

Gujarati: તુરંજ Turanj

Kannada: Rusaka ರುಸ್ಕಾ ,Madela, Mahaphala, Rusakam

Karbi: Tume han thar

Konkani: Mauling

Marathi: महाळुंगी Mahalungi

Irula: Kattu elumeachai

Manipuri: হৈজাঙ Heijang

Telugu: Lungamu 

Sanskrit: महाफल Mahaphala,Matulunga

Dental uses

Leaves and rind of fruits counseled for scouring teeth at the side of a pinch of rock salt. 

Beverage used for teeth change of color, to treat bleeding gums in scurvy, due to high content of Vitamin-C.

Photo credit: Johann Werfring (creative commons). 

23.Cocos nucifera L. 

The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") will talk to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, that botanically may be a stone fruit, not a nut. 

The name comes from the previous Portuguese and Spanish word coco, which means 'head' or 'skull' when the 3 indentations on the coconut shell that jibe face expression. 

They're omnipresent in coastal tropical regions, and are a cultural icon of the tropics.

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Arecales

Family: Arecaceae

Subfamily: Arecoideae

Tribe: Cocoseae

Genus: Cocos L.

Species: C. nucifera

Medicinal uses 

The constituents of C. nucifera have some biological effects, like 

• antihelminthic
• anti-inflammatory
• antinociceptive
• antioxidant
• antifungal
• antimicrobial and 
• antitumour activities.

Some uses of the plant were part confirmed by previous studies demonstrating

• analgesic
• antiarthritic
• antibacterial
• antipyretic
• antihelminthic
• antidiarrheal
• hypoglycaemic 
• antihypertensive
• anti-inflammatory
• antimicrobial
• antioxidant
• cardioprotective
• antiseizure
• cytotoxicity
• hepatoprotective
• dilation
• nephroprotective and 
• anti-osteoporosis 

effects were conjointly reported . 

In Indonesia, the oil is employed as a wound ointment, the coconut milk is employed as an birth control pill, and fever and looseness of the bowels are treated with the root extract. 

In Guatemala, the husk fiber extract is employed as an antipyretic, to scale back nephritic inflammation, and as a subject ointment for dermatitis, abscesses, and injuries.

In Brazil, extract from the husk fiber of C. nucifera is employed to treat looseness of the bowels. 

In Mexico, coconut is employed to treat varied disorders related to system tract infection by Trichomonas vaginalis. 

Coconut oil is extremely effective against a spread of viruses with lipide capsules, like visna virus, CMV, and EBV. 

C. nucifera plants have tested to contain phenoplast compounds and flavonoids that support antioxidant activity.

Colloquial name 

English: Coconut tree,Coconut

Tamil: தென்னை Tennai

Hindi: नारियल Nariyal

Malayalam: Coconut,Thengu,തെങ്ങ് Thengu,Thenga

Assamese: Narikol

Bengaliনারকেল Narakela,নারকেল Narokel

Telugu: నారికే Narikel, kobbari chettu కొబ్బరి చెట్టు, kobbari kaya కొబ్బరి కాయ 

Konkani: नार्लु Narlu

Manipuri: য়ুবী Yubi

Marathi: श्रीफळ Shriphal,नारळ Naral

Gujarati: નારિયેળ Nariyel

Kannada: ತೆಂಗು Tengu

Kashmiri: नोरिल Noril

Urdu: ناریل Nariyel 

Sanskrit: करकम्भस् Karakambhas,खानमुदकः Khanamudakah,नारिकेर Narikera,दीर्घपत्रः Dirghapatrah,उच्चतरुः Uchchataru,किकिः Kikih,तृणम्द्रुमः Trnamdrumah,करकतोयः Karakatoyah,त्रिनेत्रफलः Trinetraphalah,तृणम्राजः Trnamrajah,दुर्हः Durhah,दीर्घपादपः Dirgapadapah,कल्पवृक्ष Kalpavriksha,कौशिकफलः Kaushikaphalah,तृणम्वृक्षः Trnamvrukshah

French:Coco, Noix de coco

German: Kokos, Kokosnuß

Arabic: جوز الهند

جَوز الْهِنْدJooz al-hind

Dental uses 

Roots are boiled and used as mouth rinse for treating toothache (tooth pain) and tooth 

sensitivity.

Brushing the teeth with fibrous coconut husks may be a common oral hygiene apply among rural folks of South Bharat. 

Jose M et al conducted a look of antimicrobial properties of alcoholic extracts of the husk against common oral pathogens were analyzed by the agar well diffusion technique. 

There was vital concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity, expressed as a zone of inhibition with relation to all tested organisms except eubacterium species. 

However, the impact of the C. nucifera extract was lower than that of antiseptic.

Public domain picture (Wikipedia commons) 

24.Curcuma longa L. 

Taxonomical classification 

Medicinal uses 

Turmeric has been employed in Asian cuisines for each its flavor and color and within the Chinese and Ayurvedic medication particularly as an 

• anti-inflammatory and 
• for the treatment of jaundice
• catamenial difficulties
• hematuria
• hemorrhage and 
• colic.

Oral administration of curcumin in instances of acute inflammation was found to be as effective as cortisone or phenylbutazone. 

Oral administration of Curcuma longa 

significantly reduced inflammatory swelling. 

C. longa’s anti-inflammatory properties could also be attributed to its ability to inhibit each biogenesis of inflammatory prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, and neutrophile operate throughout 

inflammatory states.

Curcuma longa, it may be used locally and via 

inhalation (Ayurvedic tradition) or is applied locally 

for the treatment of 

• skin disease
• wounds
• boils
• bruises
• blistering
• ulcers
• eczema
• insect bites
• parasitic infections
• hemorrhages and 
• skin diseases like 
• herpes zoster and 
• pemphigus.

Water and fat-soluble extracts of turmeric and its 

curcumin element exhibit sturdy inhibitor activity, 

comparable to vitamins C and E. 

A study of anemia demonstrated that curcumin pretreatment attenuated ischemia-induced changes within the heart. 

Turmeric is thought to own a hepatoprotective 

characteristic kind of like silymarin. 

Studies have incontestible turmeric’s hepatoprotective properties from a spread of 

hepatotoxic injuries, as well as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) galactosamine and acetaminophen (paracetamol).

turmeric ethanolic extract containing each curcuminoids and sesquiterpenoids is additional powerfully hypoglycaemic than either curcuminoids or sesquiterpenoids. 

Turmeric extract and therefore the volatile oil of Curcuma longa inhibit the expansion of a spread of microorganism, parasites, and pathogenic fungi. 

Studies in animal models of Alzheimer’s sickness (AD) indicate an instantaneous impact of curcumin in decreasing the amyloid 

pathology of AD. 

Curcumin’s anti-inflammatory properties and therapeutic benefit are incontestible for a spread of 

gastrointestinal disorders, as well as symptom, 

• Helicobacter pylori infection
• ulcer
• irritable viscus syndrome
• Crohn’s sickness and 
• inflammatory bowel disease.

Colloquial name 

English: Turmeric

Tamil: மஞ்சள் Manjal

Hindi: हल्दी Haldi

Telugu: Haridra,హరిద్ర

Assamese: হালধি,Halodhi

Bengali: হলুদ Halud

Malayalam: മഞ്ഞള്‍,Manjal

Urdu: ہلدی, Haldi 

Gujarati: હળદર Haldar

Kannada: Arishina,Arisina

Sanskrit: Haridra,Marmarii

Marathi: हळद Halad

Nepali: हल्दी Haldi

Oriya: Haladi 

Dental uses 

I have Detailedly described about the dental uses in separate blog to see click here

Public domain picture (Wikipedia commons) 

25.Emblica officinalis 

Emblica officinalis (Amla) is wide utilized in the Indian system of drugs and believed to extend defense against diseases.

The species is native to india and conjointly grows in tropical and climatic zone regions as well as Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Sri Lanka, South East Asia, China, and Malaysia. 

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom:Plantae

Order: Malpighiales

Family: Phyllanthaceae

Genus: Phyllanthus

Species: P. emblica

Medicinal uses 

 it's its helpful role in 

• cancer
• ulcer
• anemia
• diabetes
• heart hassle
• liver treatment

Similarly, it's the applying as 

• antioxidant
• immunomodulatory
• memory enhancing
• cytoprotective
• antitussive 
• gastroprotective 
• antipyretic
• analgesic
• ophthalmic disorders and 
• lowering cholesterin level.

Amla high ascorbic acid content, is effective in controlling polygenic disorder. 

A tablespoon of its juice mixed with a cup of bitter gourd juice, taken daily for two months can stimulate the pancreas and change is to secrete hormone, so reducing the blood glucose in polygenic disorder.

It also helpful within the treatment of conjunctivitis and glaucoma. 

It reduces intraocular tension in an exceedingly exceptional manner. 

Juice mixed with honey is taken doubly daily for this condition.

Amla is wealthy in vitamin C or ascorbic acid, an important ingredient that helps within the absorption of Iron.

Amla-Berry is nice for the brain.  It helps sharpen the intellect and mental functioning. 

Because Amla-Berry strengthens digestion, helps the liver detoxify, and is wealthy in ascorbic acid and different minerals, it's excellent for the complexion. 

Colloquial name 

English: Amla, Indian gooseberry, Emblic myrobalan,Amla,Gooseberry

Hindi: आँवला Aonla, बहुमूली Bahu-muli,आंवला Anwla,आमला Amla,ब्रह्मवृक्ष Brahma Vriksh

Tamil: நெல்லி Nelli , தேசோமந்திரம் Tecomantiram,கந்தாத்திரி Kantattiri,கோரங்கம் Korankam,தாத்திரி Tattiri,தோட்டி Totti,Nelli,காட்டுநெல்லி Kattu-nelli,ஆமலகி Amalaki,கோங்கம் Konkam,அத்தகோரம் Attakoram,சிரோட்டம் Cirottam,சிவை Civai,தோப்புநெல்லி Toppu-nelli,அமிர்தபலம் Amirta-palam,இந்துளி Intuli

Malayalam:Nellikka, നെല്ലി Nelli,നെല്ലിക്ക ,Nelli,Amalakam

Manipuri: ꯍꯩ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯨ Heikru 

Marathi: आँवला Amla 

Gujarati:આમલક Amalak,આમળા Amla

Telugu: Usiri, Usirikaya 

Kannada: Betta nelli, Amalaka 

Oriya: Aonla 

Sanskrit: Dhatri, amalaka 

Mizo: Sunhlu 

Kannada: ಬೆಟ್ಟ ನೆಲ್ಲಿ Betta Nelli,Kaadu nelli,ದೊಡ್ಡ ನೆಲ್ಲಿ Dodda Nelli,ಆಮಲಕ Aamalaka

Assamese: Amla,আম্লখি Amlaki,Amloki,Amlokhi

Bengali: আমলকী Amlaki

Sanskrit: विलोमी Vilomi,तिष्या Tishya,शंभुप्रिया Shambhupriya,वज्रम् Vajram,आमलकः Amalakah,अकर Akara,शिवा Shiva,मण्डा Manda,तमका Tamaka,ब्रह्मवृक्ष Brahmavriksh,अमलाः Amalah,धात्रिका Dhatrika,श्रीफली Shriphali,सुधा Sudha,राधा Radha

Oriya: Aula

Telugu: ధాత్రి Dhatri,ఆమలకము Amalakamu,నెల్లి Nelli,ఉసిరి Usiri

Irula: Nelli

Marathi: अवळा Avala,आंवळा Aanvala

Urdu: آنولا Anwla

Kashmir: iआमलकी Amalaki,ओम्ल Omala

Konkani: आवळो Avalo

Manipuri: আমলা Amla,Heikru

Dental uses 

Bark of the basis mixed with honey is applied to inflammations of the mouth, and a stewing of the leaves is additionally helpful as a gargle within the treatment of aphthae. 

The roots of Emblica officinalis (10 g) are grinded and brought doubly daily for 1-day solely when taking food for toothache. 

Another remedy suggests root bark rubbed with honey is employed in aphthous stomatitis. 

As high in ascorbic acid Powder of the dry herb, mixed with an equal amount of sugar, is taken in doses of 1 teaspoon, thrice daily with milk can useful in scurvy.

The leaves of EO are squeezed, and also the juice is extracted,This juice is place within the ear (a few drops) to search out relief from a toothache. 

A final various is to grind the node of an Emblica officinalis and blend it with water. 

when vigorous stirring, it's filtered through a fabric,this water is place call drop in the proper ear if the teeth on the left-hand side are in pain and the other way around. The remedy is constant for three days.

Photo credit: L. Shyamal (Wikipedia commons) 

26.Ficus benghalensis L. 

The tree is taken into account sacred in Bharat,and temples are usually designed below, because of the big size of the tree's cover it provides helpful shade in hot climates.

Ficus benghalensis is that the national tree of india.

It is the tree below that lord Adhinath the primary Jain Tirthankara earned kewal Gyan or spiritual enlightment.

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Rosales

Family: Moraceae

Genus: Ficus

Subgenus: Urostigma

Species: Ficus benghalensis 

Medicinal uses 

The active compounds isolated from this plant are thought of to be terribly effective in varied  treatments such as 

• dysentery
• diarrhoea
• diabetes
• leucorrhoea
• menses
• nervous  disorders
• tonic  and 
• astringent.  

According  to Ayurvedic  system of drugs Ficus  bengalensis is wide used  in diabetes. 

Phytochemical  and pharmacognostic  properties such as 

• inhibitor (antioxidant) 
• anticancer
• analgesic
• anti-inflammatory  and  
• antipyretic activities of banyan tree. 

The milk of Ficus benghalensis is helpful to cure pimples.  

The extracts of F. benghalensis were conjointly reportable to inhibit insulinase activity from liver and kidney.

Various extracts of F. benghalensis was screened for its anti-allergic and anti-stress potential in asthma attack by milk iatrogenic leucocytosis and milk induced eosinophilia.

Many Ficus species have long been employed in people drugs as 

• astringents
• carminatives
• stomachics
• vermicides
• hypotensives
• anthelmintics and 
• anti-dysentery medication. 

It's believed that some Ficus species are often used as a remedy for 

• visceral clogging disorders
• leprosy
• metabolism disorders
• sure skin diseases  
• Absorbent for inflammatory swellings and 
• burns.

Colloquial name 

English: Indian banyan tree,East Indian Fig,Banyan,East Indian Fig Tree,Banyan Tree,Indian fig tree

Tamil: Alamaram,Aalamaram ஆலமரம் ,Alai,Ala,ஆலை Alai

Hindi: Barh बढ़,Bor,Bargad,Bar 

Malayalam: Ala

Manipuri: Khongnang Taru ꯈꯣꯡꯅꯥꯡ ꯇꯔꯨ

Marathi: Vada

Assamese: Bor-goch,Bot

Urdu: Bargad

Irula: Aalamaram

Kannada: Alada mara,Alada,Aalada mara

Sanskrit: Vat,Bahupada

Telugu : Peddimari, Marri Chettu మర్రి చెట్టు

Urdu: Bargad 

Dental uses 

Ficus benghalensis L is one of the traditional drug used in dental problem such as gum problem, toothache, clean the tooth. 

Banyan tree is also help to strengthen the teeth. 

Leaf power is applied against gum swelling until cure.

Ficus benghalensis L Bark

Photo credit: DebraJean (pixabay)

Ficus benghalensis L Fruit

Photo credit: Adityamadhav83(Wikipedia commons) 

27.Ficus racemosa L. 

Ficus racemosa  is native to Australia, Malaysia, Indo-China and also the Indian landmass. 

it's uncommon therein its figs grow on or on the point of the trunk, termed cauliflory.

In Theravada Buddhism, the plant is claimed to possess used as the tree for achieved enlightenment (bodhi) by the twenty sixth Lord Buddha, Konaagama.

The tree has been idolized as Abode beneath that Lord Dattatreya teaches that to show initial learn from others however little or massive.

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom:Plantae

Order: Rosales

Family: Moraceae

Genus: Ficus

Subgenus: Sycomorus

Species: F. racemosa

Medicinal uses 

In India, the bark is rubbed on a stone with water to form a paste, which might be applied over afflicted by boils or dipterous insect bites. 

enable the paste to dry on the skin and reapply once some hours.

For individuals whose skin is very sensitive to insect bites, this is often a really easy home remedy.

Bark is very efficacious in spontaneous abortion and additionally counseled  in  

• urological  disorders
• diabetes
• hiccough
• leprosy
• dysentery and 
• piles. 

Root sap is employed for treating diabetes. 

The sap of  this plant is  a well-liked remedy  for epidemic parotitis  and alternative inflammatory enlargements. 

The fruits are helpful in 

• astringent
• stomachic
• refrigerent 
• dry cough
• loss  of voice
• Disease of kidney  and spleen 
• astringent to intestine
• styptic
• tonic

It is also Helpful within the treatment of 

• leucorrhoea
• blood  disorder
• burning  sensation
• fatigue
• urinary discharges
• leprosy
• enteral worms 
• carminative
• miscarriage
• menorrhagia
• spermatorrhoea
• cancer
• scabies
• hemoptysis  and 
• visceral obstructions. 

The leaves are good wash for wounds and ulcers. they're helpful in dysentery and diarrhea. 

Bark is also helpful in and 

• dysentery
• menses
• effective  remedy in organ  swelling 
• abscess
• chronic wounds
• cervical adenitis and 
• hemoptysis. 

Colloquial name 

English: Gular fig,Country Fig,Cluster Fig

Tamil: Vellai Atthi,உதும்பரம் Utumparam,அத்தி Atti,மலையின்முனிவன் Malaiyin Munivan,Atti,ஆனை Anai,Nalla Atthi

Hindi: पाणि भुज Pani Bhuj,धर्म पत्र Dharma Patra,पुष्पहिना Pushp-hina,जन्तु फल Jantu Phal,ऊमरि Umari,Goolar,डूमर Dumar,गूलर Goolar,यज्ञडुम्बुर Yajnyadumbur,उदुम्बर Udumbara

Malayalam: അത്തി Aththi,Atthi, Udumbaram,Atthi,Atthi-al,Jantuphalam

Assamese: Mou-dimoru,Jagya-dimoru

Irula: Athi

Bengali: উদুম্বর Udumbara

Gujarati: ઉંબરૉ Umbaro,ગૂલર Goolar

Kannada: Atti,Atthi mara,ಅತ್ತಿ ಮರ Atti Mara

Konkani: ऋम्बड Rhumbud

Oriya: Dimri

Telugu: అత్తి Atti,బ్రహ్మమామిడి Brahmamamidi,బొడ్డ Bodda

Urdu: ڐومر  Dumar 

Manipuri: Heibong

Marathi: उंबर Umbar,उदुंबर Udumbar

Sanskrit: शीतवल्कः Shitavalkah,ब्रह्मन्वृक्षः Brahanvrkisha,गूलर Gular,हेमदुग्धकः Hemadugdhaka,सुतः Sutah,उडुम्बर Udumbara,यज्ञयोगः Yajnayoga,वसुद्रुमः Vasudrumah,सौम्य Saumya,जन्तुफलः Jantuphalah,जन्तुमती Jantumati,जन्तुकाफलः Jantukaphalah,यज्ञियः Yagniyah,मशकिन् Mashakin,सदाफलः Sadaphalah,औदुम्बर Audumbara,कृमिफलः Krmiphalah

Dental uses 

Latex is applied against gum swellings until cure.

Tender leaf twigs are chewed to cure toothache.

The infusion of  bark and leaves is additionally used as  mouth wash to spongy gums. 

Photo credit: Simon (Pixabay) 

28.Ficus religiosa L. 

Ficus religiosa or fig tree could be a species of fig native to the Indian subcontinent.

pipal tree is selected as the state tree of the Indian state of Odisha.

The fig tree is taken into account to own a non secular significance in 3 major religions that originated on the Indian landmass, Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. 

Hindu and religious belief ascetics think about the tree to be sacred and sometimes meditate below them and this is often the tree under that Gautama Buddha is believed to own earned enlightenment. 

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Rosales

Family: Moraceae

Genus: Ficus

Species: F. religiosa

Medicinal uses 

Traditionally the bark is employed as associate 

• antibacterial
• antiprotozoal drug
• antiviral
• astringent
• antidiarrhoeal
• within the treatment of gonorrhoea
• ulcers 

 The leaves used for skin diseases. 

The leaves reported  antivenom activity and regulates the oscillation. 

In Bangladesh, it's been utilized in the treatment of varied diseases resembling cancer, inflammation, or infectious diseases.

Fruits are used as 

• laxatives
• latex is employed as a tonic and 
• fruit powder is employed to treat respiratory disorder.

Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of F. religiosa leaves showed antibacterial impact against 

• staphylococcus aureus
• enteric bacteria paratyphi
• shigella dysenteriae
• S. typhimurium
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Bacillus subtillis
• S. aureus
• Escherichia coli
• S. typhi.

The ethanolic extract of leaves showed antifungal impact against Candida albicans.

F. religiosa bark methanolic extract was used for Haemonchus contortus worms. 

Colloquial name 

English: Peepal, holy fig tree, peepul, sacred fig tree 

Tamil: அரசமரம் araca-maram, பிப்பலம் pippalam, அரசு Aracu,Arasu,Arasa

Hindi: अस्वत्थ aswattha, पीपल pipal 

Malayalam: അരയാൽ arayal, പിപ്പലം pippalam, Ashvatham, Arei-al, Arayal, Arasu, Bodhivriksham, Thullal,Aal

Assamese: আঁহত ahot, পিপ্পল pippol 

Bengali: অশ্বত্থ Asbattha

Gujarati: પિપળો Piplo, અશ્વત્થ asvattha, 

Nepali: पिपल pipal

Kannada: ಅರಳಿ Arali,Arali,ಅಶ್ವತ್ಥ Ashvattha, ಅರಳಿಮರ aralimara, ಅಶ್ವತ್ಥಮರ asvatthamara 

Konkani: पिंपळ Pimpal, अश्वता रूकू ashvata ruku 

Manipuri: সনা খোঙনাঙ Sana Khongnang

Marathi: पिंपळ Pimpal, अश्वत्थ ashwattha

Telugu: బోధిద్రుమము Bodhi-drumamu,రావి Raavi, పిప్పలము pippalamu, రావీచెట్టు Ravichettu 

Urdu: Peepal پیپل 

Bengali: অশ্বত্থ asbattha 

Oriya: ଓସ୍ତ osta 

Sanskrit: अश्वत्थ ashvattha, पिप्पल pippala, बोधिवृक्ष bodhivriksha, प्लक्ष plaksha 

Dental uses 

In case of high fever, its tender branches are used as a toothbrush.

Decoction of stem bark is employed as mouth wash to get rid of the foul smell of breathing.

Tender leaf twigs are chewed to cure 

toothache.

Photo credit: Eric Guinther (Wikipedia commons) 

29.Helianthus annus L. 

Helianthus annuus, the helianthus, could be a giant nonwoody spermatophyte fully grown as a crop for its edible oil and edible fruits.

The domestic flower, however, typically possesses solely one giant inflorescence (flower head) atop associate unbranching stem. 

The name flower might derive from the flower's head's form, that resembles the sun.

Sunflower seeds were delivered to Europe from America within the sixteenth century, where, at the side of vegetable oil, they became a widespread change of state ingredient.

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Asterales

Family: Asteraceae

Genus: Helianthus

Species: H. annuus 

Medicinal uses 

The helianthus seed, fully grown and consumed worldwide, provides a mess of nutrient elements together with 

• protein
• unsaturated fats
• fiber
• vitamins (especially E)
• selenium
• copper
• zinc
• folate
• iron and more.

The edible seed and sprout contain valuable 

• antioxidant
• antimicrobial
• anti-inflammatory
• antihypertensive
• wound-healing and 
• cardiovascular benefits 

found in its phenoplast compounds, flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamins. 

it's utilized in ethnomedicine for treating variety of disease conditions together with 

• cardiovascular disease
• bronchial
• laryngeal 
• pneumonic infections
• coughs and colds 
• whooping cough. 

These sulfur-rich proteins in flower are ideal for several human metabiological wants, together with muscular and skeletal cell development, hormone production, and as an inhibitor. 

Oleic acid could be a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid capable of lowering triacylglycerides and LDL steroid alcohol levels, increasing HDL (HDL) steroid alcohol, and thereby lower the danger of coronary failure. monounsaturated fatty acid additionally shows a stronger relation with breast cancer.

Linoleic acid is present in flower is a vital, unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid carboxylic acid with a pair of cis double bonds. omega-6 fatty acid carboxylic acid intake and also the risk of coronary heart condition has been proved . 

Flavonoids are phenoplast substances isolated from a good vary of vascular  plants, that exhibit a good vary of biological advantages, together with 

• antibacterial
• antiviral
• anti-inflammatory
• antiallergic
• antithrombotic and 
• vasodilatory. 

Flavonoid within the edible seed and sprout are twenty five and forty five mg/g quercetin equivalent. 

Phytochemicals present is Helianthus annus L comparable to flavonoids, glycosides, and phytosterols are treats hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycaemic conditions. 

Colloquial name 

English: Sunflower

Tamil: சூரியகாந்தி suryakaanti

Hindi: Surajmukhi सूरजमुखी 

Malayalam: Sooryakanthi സൂര്യകാന്തി

Manipuri: ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠꯂꯩ Numitlei 

Nepali: सूर्यमुखी फूल Sooryamukhi Phool 

Assamese: Beliphul,Suraj-mukhi,Suraj-mukhi/ Beliphul

Mizo: Ni-hawi

Spanish: girasol

Italy: girasole

Netherlands: zonnebloem

Germany: Gemeine Sonnenblume

Sweden: vanlig solros

French: tournesol

Portuguese: girassol; mirasol

Dental uses 

Seed Oil used for gurgling for 10-15 minutes weekly to shield teeth and to remove bad breath.

Sunflower oil is additionally used for oil pulling. 

Helianthus annus L. are applied as lotion on inflammatory gums.

Photo source: Bru-nO (Pixabay) 

30.Hemidesmus indicus (L.) 

It happens over the larger a part of Asian nation, from the higher Gangetic plain eastward to Assam and in some places in central, western and South India.

Taxonomical classification 

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Gentianales

Family: Apocynaceae

Genus: Hemidesmus

Species: H. indicus 

Medicinal uses  

Hemidesmus indicus is extremely normally used for the treatment of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disorders.

An extract from this plant's root inhibits the expansion of 

• E. coli
• eubacterium
• corynebacterium and 
• pneumonia.
• Anti cancer 

Ointment containing the methanolic extract of H. indicus promotes wound healing activity. 

H. indicus have outstanding antitumour potentials against MCF7 Brest neoplastic cell 

lines. Methanolic extract of rhizomes of H. indicus may be a wonderful drug for treating carcinoma. 

Cytotoxic impact against HT29colon neoplastic cell line is additionally incontestible by rhizomes of Hemidesmus indicus,therefore it will be used as a possible antitumour herb against colon cancer. 

H. indicus root extracts effectively neutralised snake venom evoked fatal, trauma,coagulant, medication and inflammatory activity. 

• Antivenom

Lupeol acetate isolated from the foundation extract of Indian sarsaparilla H. indicus may considerably neutralize morbidness, trauma, defibrinogenation, edema, PLA2 activity evoked by Daboia russellii (Russell's viper) venom.

• Anti arthritis

Hemidesmus indicus root has protecting activity against arthritis and therefore the activity is 

might be attributed by presence of terpens, sterols and phenoplast compounds in hydroalcoholic root 

extract, additionally as in ethyl acetate fraction. 

Colloquial name 

English: Indian Sarsaparilla

Hindi: anantamul अनंतमूल, anant bel अनंतबेल, सूगंदीपाला Sugandi Pala

Tamil: நன்னாரி nannaari, நன்நெட்டி nannetti, Suganthi Paalaa, Suganthipaalaa

Telugu: సుగంధి Sugandhi

Malayalam: നന്നാറി Nannaari

Kannada: ಹಾಲುಬಳ್ಳಿ Haaluballi, क्षीरिणी Kshirini, कराला Karala,

Sinhala: ඉරමුසු Iramusu

Konkani: Dukshiri, Uparsal 

Manipuri: অনংতমূল Anantamul

Marathi: अनंतवेल Anantavel,उपळसरी Upalsari

Oriya: Suguddimalo

Urdu:  سالسا Salsa 

Gujarati: અનંતમૂળ Anantamul,ઉપલસારી Upalsaari

Kannada: ಅನಮ್ತಮೂಲ Anamtamula

Persian:  عشبه ushba

Assamese: Anantamul

Bengali: অনন্তমূল Anantamul

Sanskrit: शारिवा Shariva,बल्यम् Balyam,अनन्तमूलः Anantamulah

Dental uses 

Root paste is applied for mouth ulceration. 

Leaf juice accustomed relive toothache. 

Photo credit: Shyamal (wikipedia commons) 

CONTINUE…. 

PART 4 WILL RELEASE SOON… 

(Note: There are so many medical and dental uses are there but this one post is not enough to say about these plants so in order to make short we cut shorted and only few properties were noted if you want to know more about these plants please comment us we will try to make unique post of single plant elaborately) 

REFERENCE 

• http://www.flowersofindia.net
• www.wikipedia.com 
• https://indiabiodiversity.org
• https://sites.google.com/site/indiannamesofplants